Security Requirement;AWS KMS / Azure Key Vault;HashiCorp Vault;Homomorphic Encryption;HyperSphere
Performance Overhead;20–30% for AI pipelines;15–25% overhead;100–1000× slowdown;<1% overhead
Key Management Burden;Manual rotation required;Complex at scale;Still requires keys;Zero keys to manage
Credential Theft Protection;Vulnerable;Vulnerable;Key extraction possible;No keys to steal
Quantum Resistance;Full re-encryption required;Manual migration;Still vulnerable;Quantum-resistant by design
AI Pipeline Compatibility;Bottleneck;Complex integration;Incompatible;Native S3 integration
3-Year TCO (5PB AI data);$12.6M;$8.9M;Not viable;$0 (architecture cost)